Manging theories and globalization Essay

Abstract The aim of this paper is to discuss whether general administrative theories are relevant to managing modern global organisations. It shall be argued that general administrative theories are a basic outline for managers in modern global organisations to refer to, rather than a guide that should be strictly followed while ignoring circumstances that surround the outside environment of the organisation. Introduction Managers these days are constantly being challenged with so many different obstacles, not only within the environment of the business, but from many other exterior sources that may affect their decisions on a daily basis. The early 19th century brought about a number of administrative theorists who defined certain guidelines that management should consider using to achieve success in the organisation. These theories helped to shape businesses in the earlier years and are now simply a foundation for managers to utilise, if needed. However, with globalisation and the ever broadening issues in the world today, such theories will not necessarily be efficient, effective, or relevant in the same organisation in one part of the world, to another on the other side of the globe. In addition to globalisation, there are many internal and external forces that are constantly evolving and unfolding, forcing involuntary transformations of the way objectives may be achieved by managers. For any organisation accomplish their goals it is vital for management to focus on changes that occur inside and outside the organisation, and not just theories that are somewhat out dated or are not necessarily related to todayâ€⠄¢s global companies and environmental issues. General Administration Theories Henri Fayol (1841-1925) was a French management theorist who introduced scientific organisational guidelines of labour, which had a great influence on organisations at the start of the 20th century. Fayol was the first to identify the functions of management which are: managing, planning, organising, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. In 1917 he introduced the fourteen principles of management in French and then later on published them in English in 1949. (Wikipedia Encyclopaedia 2006). Fayol’s fourteen principles were a great beginning in defining what management should consider doing in general, especially throughout the industrial age where it was extensively utilised. It is proposed by Hunt (2001. p.1) that the world of work is being transformed at an unprecedented rate, placing increasing pressure on individuals to adapt to the changes around them and to cope with the challenges that emerge from these changes. Fayol’s theories are now being referred to as ‘classical’ administration or ‘Old Public Administration’ against what is now being utilised in the world, ‘New Public Management’ (Olsen 2002). With endless research since the 1900, there still has not been any extensive hypothesises on what managers or leaders do and no clear evidence on what good managers do that is unique. These individuals are believed to have a special visionary and driving force which allows them to inspire their employees to greater efforts, usually resulting in extraordinary performance turnarounds (Craig & Yetton 1995, p.1185). Globalisation and Theories Haque (2002, p.103) interprets globalisation as a process of integrating nations, societies, peoples, and institutions in the economic, political, cultural, and intellectual domains through means such as capital, production, exchange, and information owned and controlled unequally by states, classes, groups, and individuals. Globalisation is no longer constrained by national borders. Australian companies are building properties in the United Kingdom and South-East Asia, German cars are being built in the United States, McDonalds sells its burgers in China, and Japanese cars are manufactured in Australia. The world has defiantly become a global village (Robbins et al. 2006, p.57). Along with globalisation comes a whole diverse standpoint on theories, and how or if they are applied. Between the years of 1980 and 2000, many transitions occurred. This period displayed the industrial age giving way to the economic imperatives of the information era (Hunt. 2001, p.1). Varied surrounding environments nowadays challenge management on a global scale, including Fayol’s methods. There are so many other principles that a manager must consider before resorting back to Fayol’s fourteen principles. For instance internal, external, and specific circumstances these days shape the way a manager manages his or her firm. Some of these issues that need to be taken into consideration relate to suppliers, customers, public pressure groups, competitors, global, economic, political, sociocultural, demographics, and technology matters. Environmental issues are expanding at a rapidly fast rate which is placing pressure on managers to pursue their own intelligent and logically ways and means in managing an organisation that will lead them to gaining the success and profits that is expected. Olsen (2002) suggests that the ‘New Public Management’ portrays a centrally organized and rule-bound public administration as outdated. The public sector is not distinctive from the private sector and the slogan: ‘let the managers manage’ implies fewer uniform, system-wide rules and procedures and more flexibility and decentralization. The public administration is primarily an instrument for efficient service production, governed by a performance-oriented culture with a focus on results, entrepreneurship and efficiency. Environmental Forces Technology is one of the biggest issues that management has had to deal with. Hunt (2001. p5) suggests that our increasingly wired world has effectively been evolving progressively over the past two decades. This dramatic evolution has been driven by two key factors. The first is the widespread commitment on the part of organisations everywhere to accelerate and maximise their levels of competitiveness. The second is the digital revolution, which has resulted in technological developments that have helped to transform the way in which work is carried out. According to Haque (2002, p.106) one of the most effective measures enhancing globalisation has been the internet. It has been predicted that the number of internet users has increased from 26 million in 1995 to 143 million in mid-1998. That figure currently stands at 1,022,863,307 billion as of March 31st, 2006 (Internet World Stats 2006). With the ever increasing and advancing technology, managers need to be able to keep the organ isation streamlined and stable through newer structures and methods of managing, while keeping up with the vast technological variations and competition. Another important issue that has dramatically changed since the introduction of the earlier theories is the political and legal system that surrounds almost any particular business or organisation. Australian managers are accustomed to stable legal and political systems, which change at a slow rate. This may not be the case in many other countries around the globe such as South Africa, South America, and China (Robbins et al. 2006, p.137). Another particular country that places strains on managers, due to constant changes, is Saudi Arabia. Many mangers in Saudi Arabia have to deal with dramatic political and legal system changes that are unexpected and unpredicted. In September 2005, the government of Saudi Arabia passed a law that states â€Å"the number of Saudi workers hired by the employer must be no less then 75% of the total workforce, although the labour minister is entitled to reduce that proportion temporarily† if there is no competent nationals to fill relevant jobs (New Saudisation law comes into force 2005). This dramatic law was applied almost immediately which had managers searching for ways to restructure their organisation in the most efficient, effective, ethical way. Regardless of where the company originates from, organisations had a time period of three months to ensure this percentage was achieved or penalties would apply. Many foreign investors and organisations have relocated their companies, due to this inconvenient law, to the United Arab Emirates, where globalisation is welcomed widely. Others opted to remain and try to bypass the law by employing any Saudi national, qualified or unqualified, just to meet the numbers required. Qualified Saudi nationals are available in remarkably small numbers and are usually highly paid, whereas some of the unqualified Saudi nationals are usually not committed or are irresponsible in employment which leads them to being trained to handle lower and less responsible positions. Yet, some organisations have decided to register Saudi nationals on their payroll, regardless whether they show up to work or not. The advantage of having them on the payroll allows the organisation to meet the conditions of Saudi government without changing the structure excessively. However, this has caused additional overheads leading to a reduction in total profits for these organisations. Managers in such countries face great uncertainty as a result of political instability (Robbins et al. 2006, p.137). Fayol’s theories in situations like this one are totally irrelevant. Managers have to rethink their strategy at any given moment in a much more complicated direction, while the government decides which step to take next, whether it is ethical or unethical. Risk management is an important point that needs to be looked at in organisations also. At the present time, many companies working in unsafe environments thoroughly evaluate and plan risk management, before planning any other organisational objectives. Initial theorists did not contemplate risk management or whether it was needed or not, whereas managers in recent times acknowledge that it is of a high priority in some countries. The September eleven attack is a disaster that no one can forget, especially for the numerous organisations that were in the twin towers. What risk management plans did managers outline prior to this unpredictable incident? The answer is most probably none. Management in the towers at the time may have used some basic administrative theories on that day, but never imagined they that would be dealing with matters beyond any management model or structure. Chief partner for Capco, Joe Anastosia commented in an interview that â€Å"There are new thoughts on human skills, skills you can’t back up on computer. How do you protect your people? How do you protect against intellectual capital loss? Where giving people information on how to leave the building, how to seek out help, and we’re not unique. Most firms are doing that now† (Clark 2001). With the increased pressure of the external environmental forces, managers are exploring and adopting other alternatives to managing that are not included in Fayol’s theories but are in fact more suitable to today’s alternating world. Older theories maybe adopted and applied to non-western countries, but only to a certain extent as several cultural issues may collide with western methods. Expatriate mangers that ignore foreign values and customs and apply an attitude of ‘ours is better than theirs’, will quickly find it hard to compete against other global managers who are willing to understand the cultures that are tied to the organisation where they reside (Robbins et al. 2006, p.122). Successful global management is obligated to have a higher sensitivity to cultural differences, customs, and practices in various parts of the world (Robbins et al. 2006, p.125). GLOBE (Global Leadership and organisational Behaviour Effectiveness) investigating cross-cultural leadership, has been able to research data obtained from 18,000 middle managers in 62 countries. This has lead to nine diverse dimensions on which national cultures differ. These include: assertiveness, future orientation, gender differentiation, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, individualism/collectivism, in-group collectivism, performance orientation, and humane orientation. Such research and investigation has enabled managers to gain additional information to help them identify and manage cultural differences. Jun (2000, p.277) believed that it is difficult to understand or predict the changing contexts of other cultures and nations through a theoretical lens used by post-industrial Western nations. Managers with an open mind and attitude, including easy adaptation, will be able to decipher how to gain success through the understanding of the local culture. As countries are confronted with the need for crisis management and with the uncertainty and ambiguity of coping with turbulent changes, ideographic, inductive, and qualitative approaches to local and national situations seem more useful for understanding different administrative problems as well as diverse ways of dealing with them (Jun 2000, p.284). Individuals, such as managers or leaders, find it difficult to identify key factors that are relevant to a particular situation, even if judgment could be passed through, the factors or mechanisms themselves are usually so limited in its understanding that it is not clear how to manage them. Leadership research has shown that the theories that were widespread in the fifties and sixties were focussed on the behaviour of the leader, with expectation that these were ensuring participation, being concerned with people, and structuring up tasks (Kotter 1990, p.1186). As a matter of choice, present managers seek their own individual ways of m otivating their employees to ensure success for the organisation, with special consideration to the surrounding environments that cause changes inside and outside the organisations environment. Many managers today still refer to the works of Fayol as a basic logically approach in management, yet many other theories have been brought forward, with up-to-date modern recommendations which are more suitable to current managers in the global market. Kotter (1990) suggested that these theories are able to aid managerial competencies. For instance there has been a lot of evidence that if people are set high achievable goals, and are given the skills needed, than performance improves. Leadership is a powerful concept and is increasing. There are many people who ‘produce leadership’, and it is hard not to think they’d made a difference. However, there is never a chance to see what may have happened if someone else had lead that certain organisation at that time. There has been considerable evidence that success relies on a complex pattern of organisational and environmental forces. There is little doubt that successive waves of downsizing initiatives and the drive towards outsourcing key corporate functions have placed greater pressures on managers to ensure that their organisations remain cohesive and integrated while preserving the capacity for innovation and adaptability. Slimmer organisational structures of the present age make it almost impossible for managers to operate according to the old hierarchical paradigms with their concentration being on command and control administrative dimensions. Managers are required to share larger amounts of information these days unlike before, as it has shown that their capabilities to do so influences performance levels of many others around them (Hunt 2001, p.8). Conclusion It is evident that general administrative theories may have been relevant to organisations many years ago when external environmental influences had a lesser affect on the organisation and its structure. The world has changed with the introduction of globalisation and its accelerated growth, which has lead to many changes in the way a manager manages, plans, organises, commands, coordinates, and controls. Without the assistance of any particular theories, managers have been able to deal with internal and external matters with a level-headed, rational and sensible manner which will possibly solve the problem at hand and achieve the organisations main objective. Bibliography Aljezzera Net 2006, New Saudisation law comes into force. Retrieved April 28, 2006, from http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/BCED3E8F-DB85-4932-8FED-B16DD840B717.htm Clark, P 2001, ‘Firms deal with displacement’, B to B. vol. 86, no.19, October 15, p. 6 & 21. Haque, MS 2002, ‘Globalisation, new political economy, and governance: A third world viewpoint’, Administrative Theory and Praxis, vol. 24, no.1, pp. 103-124. Hunt, J 2001, ‘The future of work’ in Weisner, R & Millett, B (Eds.) Management and organisational behaviour: contemporary challenges and future directions, Wiley, Brisbane, pp. 3-10. Internet World Stats 2006, Usage and population statistics. Retrieved April 29, 2006, from http://www.internetworldstats.com/stas.htm Jun, JS 2000, ‘Transcending the limits of comparative administration: A new internationalism in the making’, Administrative Theory and Praxis, vol. 22, no.2, pp. 273-286. Kotter, J 1990, ‘What do leaders really do?’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 63, no.3, May-June, pp. 103 – 111. Olsen, JP n.d, ‘Towards an European administrative space?’, Arena Working Papers, retrieved April 20, 2006, from http://www.arena.uio.no/publications/wp02_26.htm Robbins, S., Bergman, R., Stagg, I. & Coulter, M. (2006), Management, Prentice Hall 4th edn, Frenchs Forest. Wikipedia Encyclopaedia 2006, Henri Fayol. Retrieved April 22, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fayol

A Critical Review of Infant Artificial Language Learning Essay

They also give evidence which comes from experiments showing that newborns discriminate a passage read aloud by their mothers during the last six weeks of pregnancy from an unfamiliar one. Rebecca L. Gomez and Louann Gerken’s observation about this phenomenon is very helpful especially for those who are learning about the mystery of how children acquire their language and it is only how but also since when children especially infant acquire the language and it can be answered by Rebecca L. Gomez and Louann Gerken which stated that there’s a probability infants learn and acquire language since in the utero. Summary How children acquire language is one of the mysteries of human cognition. There is a view about thirty years ago states that children master language by means of a language-specific learning device but in earlier proposal states that children make use of domain-general, associative learning mechanisms. Language acquisition is one of the most complex learning tasks imaginable. The complexity of natural language makes it exceedingly difficult to isolate factors responsible for language learning. Infant language researchers have begun by examining four aspects of the language learner’s task. The first involves identification of word-like units in speech. The second involves encoding and remembering the order in which words occur in sentences. The third involves generalization of grammatical relations. The last involves learning at the more abstract level of syntactic categories (e. . determiner, adjective, noun and verb). This fourth sensitivity is at the root of our unique human ability to produce and comprehend novel utterances. First implication of the research on infant artificial language learning concerns artificial-language-learning studies discussed have examined infants’ sensitivity to linguistic form in the absence of semantic content. This is not to say that learners do not ultimately need to map the syntactic forms they encode durin g infancy onto meaning. Obviously they do. However, the fact is infants are able to acquire certain aspects of form prior to acquiring the meaning of these forms changes the nature of the language acquisition problem in a fundamental way. A second implication of the research on infant artificial language learning concerns the specificity of the constraints on the learner. On many accounts, these constraints have been construed as being language specific, such that for every aspect of language to be acquired, the child is born with a specific constraint. Data showing that infants can use transitional probabilities to segment grammatical tone sequences contrasts with this view. A third implication of both the infant artificial-language learning studies reviewed here and many studies of infant language perception preceding them concerns the relevance of children’s early utterances as evidence for theories of language acquisition. One of the key observations of linguistic natives involves errors that children do not make. Children never erroneously transform a statement like ‘The man who is tall is Sam’ into a question like ‘Is the man who tall is Sam? The lack of such errors, along with logical arguments concerning the poverty of the stimulus, have been taken as evidence that children never consider rules based solely on linear order in sentences. it is equally important to note that if the studies of infants’ early linguistic abilities tell us anything, it is that they have become sensitive to many asp ects of linguistic form a year or more before they ever begin to produce multiword speech. This is not to say that all of language is acquired by the age of 12 months. However, if infant language-perception studies have one theme, it is in demonstrating the extremely complex relationship between aspects of their native language infants. Thus, we must exercise caution in interpreting children’s early utterances as evidence for or against the linguistic representations they do and do not entertain. Critical Evaluation Infant Artificial Language Learning and Language Acquisition by Rebecca L. Gomez and Louann Gerken are based on the observation which they already held and also from the later observation from other experts. The main focus in this journal is about the artificial language of infant, here Rebecca L. Gomez and Louann Gerken made such a grammar for infant to determine whether infants could learn ‘grammatical’ word order, Gomez and Gerken exposed 12-month-olds to a subset of strings produced by one of two grammars. However, this journal focuses not only how children especially infant acquire language but also since when infant acquire the language itself. Rebecca L. Gomez and Louann Gerken also give evidences which make their observation stronger. The explanation given is also complete and simple. Conclusion Infant Artificial Language Learning and Language Acquisition by Rebecca L. Gomez and Louann Gerken is a journal that expose about infant artificial language. They explain how infant acquire language from their own observation and they also made a grammar special for infant in order to complete their observation but besides that, they also take some observation which also already been discovered. This journal is worthy to read especially for the linguists who try to reveal and find out one of the mysteries in human cognition which is how children acquire language.

Charles Dickenss Biography

Charles Dickens's Biography â€Å"Reflect upon your present blessings of which every man has many not on your past misfortunes, of which all men have some.† quote by one of the most influential author of English Victorian era, English novelist, Charles Dickens, who wrote numerous highly acclaimed novels. Dickens lived a life filled with happiness and sadness and everything in between. He left such amazing work which is the finest part of Victorian Era literature. Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812, in Portsmouth, England. His full name was Charles John Huffam Dickens. He was the second child of John and Elizabeth Dickens. As a child he always liked to put on plays in a family kitchen, and singing songs, standing on the table in the local pub. After that, John and Elizabeth moved to London. And the family moves there. John was a congenial man, he got into big debt. Charles Dickens started going to school at the age 9. His father was sent to prison because of bad debt. After that, Charles had to work in Warrens blacking factory and endured appalling conditions as well as loneliness and despair. This was a factory that handled blacking, or shoe polish. The conditions were really bad. Meanwhile, his family was sent to Marshalsea, to live near his father’s prison, and Charles was left alone. After three years, Dickens was sent back to school but his working experience was never forgotten and that experienced inspired the writing of two well-known novels, â€Å"David Copperfield† and â€Å"Great Expectations†. His father was able to pay the debt. Things turned around again, Dickens at the age of fifteen had to leave school again because he had to work in an office. In the following year, he became a freelance reporter and stenographer at the law courts of London. By 1832 he was a reported for two magazines. Dickens believed that writings can play a big role in fixing the problems of the world. Dickens became a journalist and began with the journals The Mirror of Parliament and The True Sun. After that, he became a journalist for The Morning Chronicle. He published his first book in 1836, â€Å"Sketches by Boz†. In April 1836, he married Catherine Hogarth who edited Sketches by Boz. In the same month, Dickens published â€Å"Pickwick Papers† whi ch was really successful. Catherine and Charles had 10 children. In 1836 Dickens began to publish The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club. This method of writing was really popular in the Victorian Era. After this, he began publishing â€Å"Oliver Twist†. He was also now editor of Bentleys Miscellany, a new monthly magazine. He continued publishing his novel in his later magazines, Household Words, and All the Year Round. Olive Twist kind of expressed Dickens life because this book is about a boy, an orphan, in London. Overall Dickens’s career was really successful but not in his first decade when he published work like Nicholas Nickleby (1838–1839), The Old Curiosity Shop (1840–1841), and Barnaby Rudge (1841). Dickens was also famous in America. He went on a five-month lecture tour of the United States. He spoke out strongly against slavery and in support of other reforms. When he returned from the United States he wrote the book â€Å"American Notes†, a book that criticizes American life as being culturally backward and materialistic. He also wrote another novel, Martin Chuzzlewit, which was about a hero finding that survival on the American frontiers is more difficult than in England. He also wrote, â€Å"A Christmas Carol and The Chimes†. Later on, he went abroad to Italy. Italy’s beauty inspired him to write â€Å"Pictures from Italy†. He also started to publish installments of â€Å"Dombey and Son†. Its full title was â€Å"Dealings with the Firm of Dombey and Son†. This completed the novel and boosted Dickens success. Dickens next novel was â€Å"David Copperfield†. This is an autobiographical novel fictionalized elements of Dickenss c hildhood, his father was an inspiration for the character of Mr. Micawber, his pursuit of a journalism career and his love life. This was Dickens favorite book. In 1850, he began a new magazine, Household Words. His editorials and articles touched upon English politics, social institutions, and family life. The 1850s were a gloomy time for Dickens. In 1851, he lost his father and one daughter within 1 week. After e few years, he fell in love with an actress so he separated from his wife. In response to his sadness, Dickens’s next novels were called his â€Å"dark† novels. These novels are considered the greatest triumphs of the art of fiction. He wrote the â€Å"Bleak House† which is considered to have the most complicated plot of any English novel, the narrative created a relation of all segments of English society. He wrote other novels such as â€Å"Hard Times† and â€Å"Little Dorrit†. Some consider the â€Å"Bleak House† to be the best novel he has written and others consider â€Å"Little Dorrit† since it portrays the conditions of England as he saw it and the conflict between the world’s harshness and all of these were expressed in a really impressive artistic form. In 1859 Dickens published a historical novel, A Tale of Two Cities, which was about the French Revolution. Dickens also published seventeen articles which later on appeared as a book entitled â€Å"The Uncommercial Traveller†. Next, he wrote â€Å"Great Expectations† which is sometimes also considered as his best work. It is a story of a young mans moral development from childhood to adult life. His last finished work was â€Å"Our Mutual Friend† which is about how he viewed London. Before death, Dickens started writing â€Å"The Mystery of Edwin Drood†, but he never finished it. For several years Dickens was sick. He had a railroad accident in 1865 from which he never recovered entirely. Dickens died of a fatal stroke on June 9, 1870.

Chaos Complexity and Complex Adaptive Systems Essay

Chaos Complexity and Complex Adaptive Systems - Essay Example It was founded by I Ansoff, Their discipline had some links to urban planning, system theory & cybernetics. This school was administered and spread by professional managers, people with MBA's staff experts (especially in finance and management) consultants & government controllers. Their intended message was to formalize. The message received by their intended listeners was to make a program and administer one. They belonged to the Prescriptive school category. Their theory states that a stitch in time saves time. Their failure was caused by their not supporting real-time strategy making nor encourages creative accidents. c) Positioning school - This was founded by Sun Tzu in his literary work The Art of War. This school concentrated on economics or the industrial organization and the military history. This school was championed by consulting boutiques type of business and United States writers. They espouse the theory of analyzing things. The message that was received by their liste ners was that they should calculate their every move and not concentrate on creating or committing. This theory belonged also to the Prescriptive management school of thought. Their theory was to consider only the facts of in management decision making. Their shortfall was due to their strategy being reduced to generic positions that were selected thru formalized analysis of industry. d) The Entrepreneurial school was established by J A Schump and A H Cole with collaboration from other economics faculty. Their writings were based on economics. Their intended message was to envision the future but the listeners interpreted their teachings as to centralize and hope for the best. They belonged to the second type of school called the descriptive. Their theory was to take themselves to the leader. Their failure was due to the unclear vision and they depended too much on the leader to for decision making purpose. e) The Cognitive school was established by H A Simon and J March. Their base discipline was Psychology (cognitive). This school was preached by pessimists who are psychologically bent. Their intended message was to cope with any situation or create a solution. The message that got thru to the listeners was that worry was evident in all their actions. This school was described as Descriptive. Its saying goes I will see if when I believe it. Their failure was due to the too subjective approach to strategy formulation. f) The learning school was established by LIndbio, Cyert, March, Weick, Quinn, Prahlad & Hamel. There seems to be no base discipline in this school. Chaos theory in mathematics had started here. The movers of this school were people who loved to experiment, ambiguous and adaptable to many situations like in Japan and Scandinavia They are espousing that the prefer learning but the message that reaches the listeners seems to be the movers just want a play atmosphere to abound. Their school falls under Descriptive type. Their very famous line goes if at first you don't succeed, try and try again. Their failure seems to be that their strategic management process seems to be chaotic or in trouble. Their teachings seem chaotic.g) The power school was established by Alison, Pfeffer, Salancik & Astley.  

Dentify the basic provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act that Essay

Dentify the basic provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act that specifically deal with ethics and Independence and research how this Act has affected auditors since it was established in 2002 - Essay Example An example is the collapse of Enron. Unethical conduct on the part of Corporate CEOs and Audit Firms was responsible (Rezzy, 2007). To avoid a repeat of the same, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed to instill ethics and instigate independence auditors. The essay covers specific provisions of the statute intended to promote ethics and independence to demonstrate how the act has affected auditors. Section 101 created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board as an independent body with the onus to monitor and regulate the activities of auditors (Freeman, 2009). The board has since ensured that auditors comply with the provisions of the legislation as well as comply with the code of ethics for persons in the auditing business. Since the introduction of the Board, it is believed that audit malpractice has reduced due to the stiffer penalties that threaten implicated firms as a result of the Board’s investigations according to Romano (Romano, 2005). Title III from section 301 to 308 endeavors to promote ethics by obligating company executives to be personally responsible for the financial reports of the corporate, whether quarterly, semi-annually or annually. To avoid malpractice, CEOs and other chief management staff are required to inspect and pass as accurate the financial statements of the company before they are released. This in turn makes the officers personally liable if any misstatements are made that could be misleading as to the financial soundness of the company. Green states that any officer required to append signature on a financial report must only do so after doing due diligence using their knowledge to make sure that everything stated therein is true to avoid personal liability (Green, 2004). This has had the effect of reducing fraud as corporate executives struggle to ensure that financial reports are as accurate as

Whether or not legislation should legalize marijuana for personal use Essay - 1

Whether or not legislation should legalize marijuana for personal use in Arizona - Essay Example Demands of making marijuana legal and authorized are against the health majors and ways to safeguard the physical wellness. By making the marijuana legal, the price will get declined terribly resulting in greater use of the drug. Altered state, the RAND Corporation has made a report that determined the possible outcomes in case of making the marijuana legal (RAND, 2012). According to the report, the cost of marijuana will crash rapidly that will ultimately force the addictives to consume it in greater quantity. It is the illicit nature of the drugs that has kept the prices of drugs to a higher slot. The use of drug is highly dependable on the availability of money, for the young children it is a good factor to make them away from the drug by remaining it non-affordable. The consumption of the items that have been declared as illegal such as tobacco and alcohol has left behind the marijuana use (Lowinson 1393). Thus, giving a clear signal that making things legal can enhance the availability and it gets acceptable by the majority. It can be clearly evident in the case of highly restricted prescription drugs like oxycontin, the drug became far more easily reachable then before resulting in inappropriate use. Although, the high restrictiveness was there to prevent all such acts. The revenue generated by the tax could be counterbalance by the social costs these legalize products put on the society. The social cost of alcohol and tobacco is much greater than the tax and other revenue it produce. In 2007, the tax collected by the federal excise was determined to be as $9 billion; however, only $5.5 billion was collected. On the other hand, $185 billion was the total social cost resulted from the alcohol and tobacco regarding health problems, criminal cases, lack of potency at workspace and other issues (The White House, 2013). The collected tax

Drugs and Alcohol in Mass Media Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Drugs and Alcohol in Mass Media - Term Paper Example Movies of the mid-twentieth century and later of the American origin showed individual characters as heavy drunkards and social destroyers. Many of them had the protagonists play the role of alcoholics who had to conceal their psychological traits for some untold reasons. Some of the observations suggest that, films from the American, German and Canadian culture exposed male characters as alcoholics and barmen with a view to tell the evil sides liquor as it is a destroyer of personal and social life of individuals; while in French movies, alcohol consumption was treated as a family routine (Blocker, Fahey & Tyrrell, 2003, p.238). The debate on how movies and other popular culture demonstrate the role of both men and women as stakeholders in the world of alcohol invites great attention. Not only that a scene involving alcohol consumption gains concentration of the audience, but also it encourages their internal urge for making such light moments. The presentation of violence in visual media through gang wars hired assassinations and communal issues etc present in movies and video clips are also associated with a drinking background. This kind of exposure to alcohol-motivated stimulation of courage grabs the attention of the teenagers who normally make a sense to imitate some of the things they obtain from the source videos. Narcotic drugs are generally considered as an addictive substance; therefore its consumption is observed as a challenge beyond the individual boundaries. Unlike alcohol, drugs of different kinds have varying ranges of influence on their users. Regular use of narcotic drugs causes irresistible addiction which makes the users mentally unstable and physically discouraged from carrying out their daily activities. According to a report by Sacramento-El Dorado Medical Society (1990), addiction is redefined as the compulsory and uncontrolled abuse of psychoactive materials by individuals irrespective of their harmful impacts. Some of the drugs can even generate violent behavior traits in them, which may prove harmful to their families and other members of the society.

Purpose and Importance of Induction, Training and Appraisal in a Assignment

Purpose and Importance of Induction, Training and Appraisal in a Business Today To Ensure an Effective Workforce - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that staff induction programs are designed with the intention to provide an overview of the working conditions along with core values and ethics of the business to the new joiners. It is vital for the companies in the sense that it ensures the new employees to get quickly acquainted with the working process of the business along with performing as per their skills and competencies as early as possible. This aspect is also deemed to be quite relevant in the hospitality sector where effective and proactive operations of the employees further set the overall image of the company in front of the potential customers. It can be stated for the managers in the hospitality sector including the management of the Hilton hotels group that effective induction programs include certain specific points. These aspects encompass stating the policies and working procedures of the company to the employees, having an introduction with the existing team members al ong with introducing the infrastructure of the company among others. Similar to induction program, training and development is also another vital approach to the managers in building an effective workforce. Training and development accelerate the performance of the employees as they are able to enhance and develop their skills and competencies. Training and development also enable employees to get acquainted with the working process of the company. For example, when a candidate joins a company as a full-time employee, he/she has little knowledge about the type and the standards of work performed in the workplace. Consequently, the role of proper and systematic training and development came into existence.

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 15

Research paper - Essay Example Over the years, the region has become the centre for conflicts as the United States has been keen on safeguarding its interest and those of Israel in the region. This vast region is generally very hot and dry while its soil type is sandy soil, which does not support plant cover. Ideally, the Middle East mainly comprises of the Arab culture but it also accommodates other minute descents of the Turks, Iranians, and Israelis. Therefore, the most common religion in here is the Islamic religion. Over the years, this Iraq is a rich oil-producing region across the world, but poor administration has influenced its stunted economic growth. With most of the world nations being oil and petroleum reliant, economic growth was inevitable due to heavy supply of these products. With this, this essay will delve into the environmental issues and problems in the Middle East region, especially Iraq and the impacts of the same. Further, the focus will also be on the ways of influencing positive relationship between the USA and the people of the Middle East within my personal view. The attacks on American soil of the 9/11 terrorist bother by the Al Qaeda in 2001 was the turning point as this made the country to scale up its efforts towards curbing insurgency on its soil and in foreign lands. The result of this was a pledge by President George Bush to wage war on terror to the point that this would no longer be a threat to the progress of this super power (Fontenot, Degen and Tohn 16). This led to the funding of military activities in Iraq in an attempt to destroy the threat that Iraq posed to other nations such as Israel through its leader Saddam Hussein because of their alleged possession of nuclear very destructive weapons. The American administration at the time pledged that the military activity in Iraq was a way of protecting Israel because it was prone to such attacks. In essence, the stalemate between Iraq and Israel began in the 1980s when the latter

Discuss the importance of the Sahara and the Indian Ocean in ancient Essay - 2

Discuss the importance of the Sahara and the Indian Ocean in ancient African history - Essay Example Sahara region connected people from eastern, southern, central, north and some parts of western Africa. Among the countries that were touched are Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Congo, Egypt, and Nigeria among others. These countries contributed different commodities for trade according to their daily activities. For example, the southern Sahara region was a famous area in production of minerals, Egypt was well known for production of sorghum and Nigeria provided yams to the trading interaction (Giblin 10-13). These areas that were well known in production of agricultural products were part of the great hinterland that was served by the Indian Ocean. The areas were, therefore, linked to the outside world by the Indian Ocean that opened trade with Arabs and other people in the world. However, the trading interactions were not involving Africans and Arabs but Africans contributed a lot to the trade among themselves. The trading activities in that area involved exchange through barter trade of commodities that included foodstuffs and minerals as per different needs of different people in those regions. This is an evaluation of the activities that prevailed in the ancient Africa involving the Sahara Region and the Indian Ocean to inform the importance of these two features of African geography. The influence it brought to the people that lived in those areas as well as the benefits they reaped from these interactions discussed. There are things that informed the interactions between the people in these parts of Africa and were aimed at benefiting the people that engaged in them. For example, noting that most of the Sahara region is characterized by unreliable precipitation, there was serious need to get ways to acquire food that was not sufficient in those areas. For Egypt, sorghum was produced only after major floods that used to come in rare occasions. In other places, growing

Hw assignment revised Essay Example for Free

Hw assignment revised Essay Culture includes everything about a particular groups way of life; from high art to the most ordinary behavior (what we eat for breakfast, for example). It is defined as the manner of life for a whole society and the sum of socially transmitted behavioral patterns and can be classified into values, norms, institutions and artifacts. The set of distinctive features of a society or a social group, which includes emotional, spiritual and intellectual, can be called as culture. It encompasses the community’s ways of existing together, its value systems, customs and ideals. Everything we do, from our food to our behavior can be considered as culture. From the essay, â€Å"From Culture to Hegemony, culture is defined as the norm of life. Barthes who used the model of linguist de Saussure, sought to uncover the latent meanings of the norms. He tried it from boxing to little things. Transmission of culture is done through language, material objects, customs, institutions, and art, passed from one generation to another generation. Usually, this transmission remains intact and â€Å"pure†; however, when foreign influences set in either through cultural diffusion and/or assimilation, naturally, the native culture will have become irreparably modified. In â€Å"From a Native Daughter†, Haunaini-Kay Trask, bemoans the rape of her native lands culture. How the haole invaded their land and proceeded to change their history. For her historians like the missionaries from whom she had her education, were a part of then colonizing horde, one part colonized the spirit and the other the mind. She believed that any outsider were to understand them, one should first know their language, their songs, their chants, their customs, and their bond with the aina (the land). She said, â€Å"This bond is cultural, it can only be understood culturally†¦Ã¢â‚¬  IDEOLOGY: Ideology includes the underlying ideas that shape culture. These ideas are often what we take for granted, i. e. they are unconscious. For example, the idea that success is gained through going to college and getting a high paying job seems so obvious as to be truth. However, it is part of an ideology. A trick in identifying ideologies is to look for undefined terms in a statement. What does success mean and where did that meaning come from? Ideology is the organized collection of underlying ideas that shape the culture. Being unconscious, they are often taken for granted. They are abstract thoughts applied to reality and every society has an ideology on which they base their actions on. From Marx’s Ideology as quoted in Subculture: the meaning of Style by Dick Hebdidge, ideology is defined as a set of common beliefs that lie beneath the awareness commonly known as â€Å"common sense†. This common sense, although transparently, validates ideas. These taken for granted phenomena can function as signs, which in turn, will reflect the reality of the culture and can be analyzed through mapping them on a range of potential meanings. Power and class are parameters which extends and vary ideology thus making it achievable to have different levels of divided labor. Our education system is the one who is responsible in instilling the ideology into the individuals of the society. In other words, the ideologies are maps of probable meanings which serve to have persons think their way into positions of power or subordination. HEGEMONY: A form of power usually built on ideologies. Instead of bullying (i. e. using coercion) to get your way, its easier and more sustainable to make your victim believe that your way is the right way. For example, car makers dont have to force us to buy new cars at gunpoint; its easier to make us think that getting a new car every couple of years is simply what one does. The underlying ideology might be that newness equals human progress. Hegemony is the subtle almost undetected authority of one individual over another and/or one group of people over another group. This dominance however doesn’t use threats or force. Naturally, the dominant party in our society has their advantages. For example, a dominant party can dictate the terms of trade to its advantage. Moreover, our cultural perspectives became in favor of the dominant group. It controls the way ideas are discarded or neutralized. It happens in a process where hegemony alters our notions of common sense of a given society. According to the Gramsci, hegemony is the association of social groups exerting total social authority through coercion, imposition of thought or shaping consent. Familiar examples of this include the selling of cars where you coerce your buyers to buy because it is only right that you get yourself a car and thinking that it is simply what one does after a few years of using an old car. It may also because of the ideology that’s behind it is that a new car means an improvement in your lifestyle. Hall is also quoted in Subculture: the meaning of style, in the chapter, From Culture to Hegemony, Hall (1977) was cited saying, â€Å"hegemony refers to the situation in which a provisional alliance of a certain social group exerts total social authority over other subordinate groups not only through coercion or by the direct imposition of ruling ideas but by winning and shaping consent so that the power of the dominating class appears to be legitimate and natural†¦ â€Å" DEFAMILIARIZATION: Lastly, defamiliarization, also called â€Å"ostanenie† is a method of forcing the audience to see common things in an unfamiliar way. It is done in order to improve the insight of the familiar. Religion is a tried and tested way of bringing order to a world of chaotic events. In the article, World View and the Analysis of Sacred Symbols, from the Antioch Review by Clifford Geertz wherein he describes how religion is composed of sets of symbols that are in turn composed of meanings that can only be stored in the symbols. He says that a people’s ethos is the way they dress or their movements and the way they talk. In general it is the quality of their lives while the world view is the cognitive aspect reflects how the people view the natural order of things as they are found in their world. All of these things are in some way or another affected by the religion of the people. Geertz considers the wajang as the clearest illustration of the relationship between the metaphysical (i. e. religion, belief etc†¦) and the people of Java’s actual values. The wajang is the ritual shadow play using puppets that usually lasts all night and well into the early morning. The gamelan is the director musician and storyteller all in one. The most famous characters in the wajang are the Pendawas and the Korawas, and their endless wars. The Pendawas represent the five senses that must always work together to come up with just and good decisions. They represent calm detachment from the everyday events of life which is the way these myths are interpreted and translated into the actual culture that is in the peoples of Java. The Korawas on the other hand represent passion and indiscretion. They are the representative icons that depict the capacity of religion not only to set the standards of ideal living but also delineate the workings of evil and destruction. Just like the Navajo looks at everything that is good and productive as in the form of a circle and thus evokes the circle in everything they do, so does the Javanese in their quest to detach themselves from the passions of everyday life to transcend into inner serenity and peace. Their world views affect their ethos and in turn dictate how they view their reality and consequently how they react to it. The concept of defamiliarization as defined above is also effectively illustrated in the article by George Orwell, Shooting an Elephant. In this article he tells the readers how he had to kill the elephant not because he had to do it to save the people, or because it is truly a danger, in spite of it having killed a â€Å"coolie†, he says that he killed the animal to save himself from looking like a fool it is expected of him to not be afraid, to be consistent (and thus consistent in his initial impulse to kill the elephant). His nationality and the empire he represents have created such a concept that as a member of the empire he is expected to conform to. Thus his actions no matter how mundane and ordinary they are will not have correspondingly simple interpretations at least as far as the natives are concerned.

The Sewerage System In Malaysia Construction Essay

The Sewerage System In Malaysia Construction Essay Sewerage systems are one of the most important infrastructures in construction of residential, industrial or commercial project as it determines the quality of life enjoyed by a community. It consists of a network of underground sewer pipes, pump stations, sewage treatment plants and sludge treatment facilities. This system usually operates based on by gravity due to the slope of the pipe which reduces the high cost required for pumping. Sewers are further classified into a few categories, which depend on the type of wastewater that each of it carries. For example, storm sewers are designed to carry stormwater from roofs, paved areas, pavements and roads; industrial sewers are designed to carry wastewater generate from the industry; sanitary sewers are designed to carry the waste water from cooking and washing and the wastes from toilets. There is another type of sewer which is known as combined sewers. These types of sewers are designed to carry stormwater, industrial wastes, and domestic sewage. In Malaysia, many towns and cities use the separate sewer system. The wastewater is transported in separate pipes from storm sewers, industrial sewers and sanitary sewers. This system will not experience CSOs (Combine Sewer Overflows) which usually happen to combined sewer. The flooding will cause by stormwater only. Sewerage system is very important as it helps people to transport the wastes or sewage away from their places. Therefore, the system must be functioning well because improper functioning system will lead to pollution and contamination of various aspects of our surrounding which affect human life and health. Hence, regular maintenance must be done to the existing sewerage system and appropriate design must be applied to the new sewerage systems to ensure the sewerage systems are in good condition. The efficiency of the sewerage system is affected by the flow of the wastewater. In designing a sewerage system, the type and size of the pipe to be used must be able to accommodate the peak flow. The peak flow is based on the population equivalent which is a direct measurement of the population in an area. When designing the sewerage, there is a standard and criteria that should be followed. The standard code of practice for sewerage design in Malaysia (MS 1228:1991) was adopted from British Standard; BS 8005:1987. However, British Standard may not be as applicable to Malaysia due to the season and climate factor which have direct effect on the peak flow. This is the main reason of doing this research to find out whether the standard is suitable to be used in Malaysia. Problem Statement Any sewerage system will be designed to carry a certain amount of sewage based on the population equivalent (PE). In sewerage design, the per capita flow and the peak flow rate (Qpeak) are important parameters. Based on British Standard, the per capita flow is 225L/day/person and the peak flow factor, K is 4.7. However, a previous study indicated lower per capita flow and peak flow factor in the sewerage system in Malaysia although no conclusive results were obtained (Dayalan, 2007). A lower peak flow factor will result in smaller pipes which will incur lower cost. Therefore, further research is needed to study the suitability of current design criteria for sewerage system located in tropical climates. 1.3Research Objectives The objectives of the study are: To obtain flow data from pre-determined sewer tributary area. To evaluate the parameter in the peak flow factor equation for medium scale sewerage catchment system. To determine the relationship between population of an area to the peak flow of sewerage system. 1.4 Scope of Research To collect relevant information of sewerage design from selected literatures. To find out relevant formula provided in selected codes for sewerage design. To study the peak flow factor in sewer line that serve the PE value of 1000-10000. To measure flow characteristics by using flow meter with build-in sensor in manholes at Tropicana Indah. To compare the results obtained with the formula in the standard code. To make recommendation on the feasibility of the code formula to tropical climate. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Sewerage System in Malaysia The sewerage system is designed to collect wastewater or foul sewage generated from residential, industrial and commercial areas through sewer pipes and discharges it to the treatment plants or facilities to ensure the sewage is released to the natural water bodies in an appropriate condition and quality (Geoffrey, 2004). In Malaysia, sewerage systems range from simple toilet with little or no treatment provided to modern sewage treatment plants that treat the sewage to the desired quality accordance to environment standard. There are two main types of sewerage system in Malaysia. A premise sewerage system is either connected to a public sewage treatment plant or an individual septic tank. Indah Water Konsortium (IWK) is responsible to provide service and maintenance to public sewage treatment plants and all the underground pipes and also provide desludging services to individual septic tanks (Abd Aziz, 2006). IWK decided to divide the underground pipe into two sections, public pipe and private pipe (Figure 2.1) to make sure that all underground pipes operate without any problem. Public pipe is under the responsibility of IWK and the private pipe is under individual responsibility. An individual have to pay for the IWK services when the private pipe need for servicing. (Abd Aziz, 2006). http://www.usj23.com/planet_free/sewage_system/Sewage%20System.jpg Figure 2.1 Flow of wastewater from private pipe to public pipe (USJ 23 Residence 2.2 Transportation of Wastewater Wastewater is usually transported through sewer pipes that are connected to the sewer mains by clay, cast-iron, or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes that range from 80-100mm diameter. The large sewer mains can be located about 1.8m deep or more than that along the centerline of a street or pathway. The small and large sewer pipes are made by different material, in which the smaller sewer pipes are made of clay, concrete, or asbestos cement, and the large sewer pipes are made of reinforced concrete construction. The flow of wastewater is different from water-supply system. The water supply is transported to each house by the application of pressure. However, the wastewater from each house is flows through sewer pipes by gravity. Therefore, the sewer pipe must laid on slope surface to allow the wastewater to flow at a velocity of at least 0.8m/s and not more than 4m/s. (MS1228:1991). If the wastewater flows at velocity lower than 0.8m/s, the solid material tends to settle in the pipe whic h will lead to blockage. Storm-water mains have similar structure as sanitary sewers but they have a much larger diameter than sanitary sewers. In certain places, the urban sewer mains are connected to interceptor sewers, which can then join to form a trunk line. The trunk line will then discharge the wastewater into the wastewater-treatment plant. This transportation process is shown in Figure 2.2. As the interceptors and trunk lines will carry the wastewater discharge from sewer main, they are usually made of brick or reinforced concrete which can carry more load than the other pipe. Sometimes, they are large enough for a truck to pass through them. (Norhan Abd Rahman et.al, 2007) http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module21/images/CombinedSewer.jpg Figure 2.2 Transportation of Wastewater (Michigan Environmental Education Curriculum, Wastewater Treatment) 2.3 Concept Theory In designing a sewerage pipe network, the pump stations and sewage treatment plants are required to carry and pump volumetric flow rate. The flow rates are usually measured in cubic meter per second (m3/s) and need to be calculated for both existing land use and for expected future development. There are two parameters that are used to calculate expected flow rates. One of the parameters is per capita flow. This per capita flow of 225L/person/day is an average daily flow, which means a person will produce 225 liters of sewage in a day. Another design parameter named population equivalent (PE) of a catchment can also be used to calculate the flow rate. PE is not a measure of population. However, it is used to measure the estimated number of people that use the sewage facilities. In residential areas, the PE is a direct measurement of the population in an area which is calculated as five per dwelling. The PE has a different method of measurement in commercial area. It is calculated fro m the floor area and this PE value is considered to be proportional to the number of people using a premise during the day which does not reflect the population living in an area. 2.4 Quantity for Wastewater 2.4.1 Tributary Area Tributary area is an area from where the wastewater is being transported to a particular sewer section. The types of activities in that area determine the quantity of wastewater being collected by a particular section. A survey has to be done when there is no information available on existing areas in order to determine the number and classification of persons and the types of industries. (Guyer, 2010) Table 2.1 shows the method of calculating the PE. Table 2.1 Equivalent Population, PE (MS1228:1991) No. Type of Premises/Establishment Population Equivalent (recommended) 1 Residential 5 per unit 2 Commercial: (include entertainment/recreational centres, restaurants, cafeteria, theatres) 3 per 100m gross area 3 School/Educational Institutions: Day schools/institutions 0.2 per student Full residential 1 per student Partial residential 0.2 per student for non-residential student and 1 per student for residential student 4 Hospitals 4 per bed 5 Hotels (with dining and laundry facilities) 4 per room 6 Factories (excluding process wastes) 0.3 per staff 7 Market (Wet Type) 3 per stall 8 Petrol kiosks/Service stations 18 per service bay 9 Bus terminal 4 per bus bay 2.4.2 Sanitary/Domestic Wastes 2.4.2.1 Contributing Population In designing the flow, the population to be used depends on the location of the sewer. The design population in a residential area is based on the number of houses served. However, the design population for an industrial area is the maximum number of staff ever employed. The design population for sewers that serve both residential and industrial areas include residents and non-residents. Designing of these sewers denote that no person should be counted more than once. Allowances should be made for future population changes caused by master planning projections and facility personnel requirements. (Guyer, 2010) 2.4.2.2 Average Daily Flow The average daily flow is counted by multiplying the population equivalent from resident and non-resident with the appropriate per capita flow and adding the two flows generated from both resident and non-resident. The average daily flow shows the total volume of waste generated over a 24-hour period. It cannot be used for wastes that were generated over shorter periods of 8, 10, 12 hours, etc. Therefore, it can only be used for designing sewers that generate wastewater over a 24-hour period (e.g. residential area). In Malaysia, the average daily flow for residential area is usually taken as 225L/person/day. In industrial areas, the average daily flow is taken as 115L/person/day as non-resident personnel and employees is working for 8-hour shifts. These quantities are usually used in designing wastewater treatment facilities. However, they are also used for sizing interceptors, trunk sewers and pumping stations serving large portions of the installation. (Guyer, 2010) 2.4.2.3 Average Hourly Flow Rate Average hourly flow rate is used for designing sewers that serve small areas of the installation (e.g. industrial area), where most of the wastewater is generated by non-residents or other short term occupants. The average hourly flow rate is counted based on the actual period of waste generation. For example, 1000 non-residents with an average daily flow of 115L/person/day would generate 115,000 liters in 8 hours which is equivalent to an average hourly flow rate of 14,375 L/h or 345,000 L/d. However, the average daily flow would still be 115,000 L/d. Therefore, the sewer must be designed hydraulically to carry 115,000 liters of waste in 8 hours instead of 24 hours (Guyer, 2010). If the sewer is designed to carry a waste of 115,000 liters in 24 hours, then the sewer pipe will not be able to transport the wastes as the actual volume of wastes generated is more than the design waste. This will lead to the blockage of sewer pipes and overflow in the toilet. 2.5 Design Wastewater Flow The design flow of wastewater must be determined for any section of a proposed sewer. The design flow is not only based on sanitary sewage; industrial flows, inflow and infiltration must also be taken into account. The following shows the equation to determine the peak flow factor and the factor to be considered in sewerage design. 2.5.1 Design Equations The peak flow required to design sewers, pumping station and treatment facilities are calculated by the following equation: Peak flow factor = 4.7 x p-0.11 p Estimated equivalent population, in thousand. The sewers are designed based on peak flow to ensure that the sewer pipes would be able to accommodate the wastewater generated at any time. 2.5.2 Factors Affecting Sewer Design In designing sewers, there are a few factors as stated in MS1228:1991 that must be taken into consideration: Economy in the design The sewers should be kept as short as possible and avoid unproductive lengths. Shallow rider sewers can be laid under highways having expensive foundations and surfaces to receive the local house connection, and to connect the riders at convenient points into the main sewers. Location of sewers The sewers should be placed within streets or right-of-way to ease the maintenance work. If topography dictates, the sewer is to be located within private properties, and provide adequate access for maintenance purposes. Location or the position of other existing or proposed service lines, building foundation, etc for maintenance purposes. A minimum at 3 m horizontal and 1m vertical separation from the water main should be provided to avoid the sewage from entering the water main. The impact of sewer construction and subsequent maintenance activities towards road users. Hydraulic Design The sewers should be laid at such gradients to produce adequate velocities to convey the solid matter. The gradient should produce a minimum velocity of not less than 0.8 m/s and a maximum velocity of not more than 4.0 m/s to avoid scouring of sewer by erosion action of suspended solid. Structural Design The depth of sewers must be adequate to accommodate the sewage from existing and future properties. The minimum depth should be 1.2 m. The minimum size of the sewer should be 200 mm in diameter in order to convey raw sewage. Straight alignment and uniform gradient between consecutive manholes should be laid for sewers of 600 mm or less in internal diameter while curves can be laid for sewers of larger than 600 mm internal diameter. Flexible type and watertight joints should be provided between sewers, sewer manhole or other appurtenance structure to avoid infiltration and breakage due to differential settlement. The foundation should be able to maintain the pipe in proper alignment and carry the weight of soil above the sewer and any other superimposed load. Service Connection The diameter of the connection must be adequate enough to prevent blockage problems. The sewer must have a minimum gradient of 2%. The minimum size of the connection should be 150 mm. Tee junction should be used to connect service connection to the main sewer. 2.5.2.1 Gravity Sewer Design Sewers are designed to convey the wastewater flows as required. Generally, it is not recommended to design the sewers for full flow, even at peak rates as the chances for problem arising are high. The flows that cover above 90% to 95% of full depths are considered unstable which may lead to sudden loss of carrying capacity with surcharging at manholes as shown in Figure 2.2 (Guyer, 2010). Surcharging means that the pipe that is designed to flow full or partly full, is now transporting the flow under pressure. When the flow exceeds the design capacity, there will be surcharge in the manholes (David and John, 2011). Besides that, large trunk and interceptor sewers laid on flat slopes experience less fluctuation in flow. If it is designed to flow full, the sewers may lack sufficient air space above the liquid for proper ventilation. Ventilation in sewer is important in preventing the buildup of explosive, corrosive or odorous gases, and for reducing the formation of hydrogen sulfide. Th us, the depth of design flow for trunk and interceptor sewers should not exceed 90% of full depth; laterals and main sewers, 80%; and building connections, 70%. Regardless of flow and depth, the minimum sizes of sewer pipes to be used are 150 mm for service connections and 200 mm for all other sewer types. The sewer pipes for service connections are usually smaller than 150 mm as they only convey liquids with little or no solids (e.g. condensate lines). A condensate line of more than 100 mm is recommended for most situations. Same design criteria as sanitary sewers can be applied to industrial application except pipe material that is resistant to the waste are to be specified. (Guyer, 2010) Figure 2.2 (a) Part-full pipe flow without surcharge (b) Pipe flow with surcharge (David and John, 2011) 2.6 Pipe Materials for Gravity Sewer There are many types of material which can be used for sewerage construction. However, the type of materials that we choose must depend on its life expectancy, previous local experience, roughness coefficient, structural strength and local availability. Table 2.2 shows the common materials that are suitable for sanitary sewers. Sewer pipes made by different material have different diameters and lengths. Table 2.2 Pipe Materials for Gravity Sewer Types of Pipe Material Length (m) Diameter (mm) Pipe Joints Vitrified clay pipe (VCP) 0.6 1.0 100 300 Flexible Reinforced concrete pipe 1.83 150 3000 Spigot socket type with rubber rings > 375mm diameter 3.05 Fabricated steel with sulphates resistance cement lining 9 100 1500 Spigot socket, flange and mechanical > 750mm diameter Welded joints Cast iron 3.66 Vary Flange and spigot socket type Asbestos cement pipe 4 100 600 Plastic pipe 6 110 630 Spigot end and socket type with rubber seals, jointing by flanges, welding and solvent cementing Other material CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction In this research, a field work will be conducted to get the information that will be used to reach the objectives of this research. 3.2 Preliminary Works This is the initial works that has to be done before conducting the field work at site. It includes information gathering on the topic of sewerage design and self-study on similar and related topics in order to learn more. 3.2.1 Information Gathering A series of books, articles and online information has to be studied to obtain information on the topic of sewerage design. Sources for sewerage design mostly come from abroad. However, the information on the method to evaluate the design criteria is obtained from related research by a local university. 3.2.2 Standard Code of Practice for Design and Installation of Sewerage Systems (MS1228:1991) With the reference to this code book, the design criteria and the factors to be considered for sewerage design is obtained. The equations to calculate the peak flow which depend on the population equivalent are all available in this standard code of practice. 3.3 Site Work A site has been identified for the field work data collection. The location of this site is in Tropicana Indah. Approval is still pending from IWK for access to their manholes. 3.3.1 Flow Characteristics Measurement The flow characteristic of a section of sewerage pipe systems can be measured by using a flow meter. This flow meter is provided with sensor which will automatically record the flow, velocity and water height at a specific time interval, which in this case is 5 minutes. Once the measurement is completed, the data from the flow meter will be linked to a computer that has Flowlink4 software. This software would aid the plotting of graphs for the 3 parameters (flow, velocity and height) as well as transfer of data to other software. From the data, the maximum and minimum hourly flow rate can be obtained. The average flow rate can be used to calculate per capita flow. Flow per capita = Average daily flow (m3/day) / Total population equivalent (PE) = m3/day/person The evaluation of peak factor and per capita flow for sewerage can also be done through the data obtained from field experiment. The equations that are used for sewerage design are as follow: a. Peak flow factor = 4.7 ÃÆ'- p-0.11 b. Average daily flow = Flow per capita ÃÆ'- PE = m3/day c. Peak domestic flow = Peak flow factor ÃÆ'- Average daily flow = 4.7 ÃÆ'- p-0.11 ÃÆ'- Flow per capita ÃÆ'- PE = m3/day From MS 1228:1991, the p value is an estimated PE in thousands and the average flow per capita is 225 L/day/person.

Management By Objectives MBO Commerce Essay

Management By Objectives MBO Commerce Essay According to George Odiome, MBO is a process whereby superior and subordinate managers of an Organization jointly define its common goals, define each individuals major areas of responsibility in terms of results expected of him and use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members. Management by objectives was first popularized by Peter Drucker in 1954 book The Practice of Management. Drucker drafted MBOs as an approach to get the management and employees to jointly set goals to achieve known as objectives. The main purpose for setting objectives was to give both the managers and employees a clear understanding of what they were expected to do in the organization in order to achieve the objectives set. The objectives were set during certain time periods which at the end of the period two evaluative performances are carried out to determine the extent to which the set objectives had been achieved. An example of an objective includes attaining a sales or profit target by the end of a financial year. In the modern world of business where gaining competitive over competitors has became one of the main goals by organization, Management by Objective has become one of the most widely accepted philosophy of management as stated by Gaurav Akrani 2010. One of the factors that has made MBO the most acceptable management approach is its demanding and rewarding styles of management. MBO further received recognition when it becomes an integral part of The HP way. Hewlett-Packard incorporated this management technique at every level within the company; managers had to develop objectives and integrate them with those of other mangers and of the company as a whole. (The Economist, 2009) This approach focuses attention on the achievement of objectives through involvement of the concerned parties. For example trough building strong team spirit as MBO is mainly based on the assumption that people achieve more when they know what is expected of them and can relate their personal goals to organizat ional objectives. Other features of MBO include good subordinate participation, joint goal setting, support and encouragement from top level manager to subordinates. MBO is a democratic style of management approach where every subordinate is involved and encouraged to participate towards achieving organizational objectives. MBO is an approach to planning that aims to overcome barriers that might stop an organization from achieving its objectives. It involves the setting up of goals by managers and their subordinate working together by specifying responsibilities and assigning authority for achieving the goals. The final step involves constant monitoring of performance so as to initiate continuous improvement. Features of Management of Objectives The following are the prominent characteristics of MBO All activities are goal oriented. The first important feature of the MBO is that under it all the activities happen to be goal-oriented (Dr.R.Singla 2010-11). This means that MBO concentrates on the determination of unit and individual goals in with organizational goals. These goals set state responsibilities of different parts of the organization and help to coordinate the organization with its parts and its environment. Integration among Organizational, Departmental and Objectives: the basis of the MBO is setting of Objectives jointly by the supervisors and subordinates and their effective realization (Dr.R.Singla 2010-11) With the MBO approach the objectives are decide in the following order Figure 1 Organizational Objectives Department Objectives Personal Objectives The above figure shows that first of all the objectives of the organization are set. Then the departmental objectives are decided which must be in line with the objective of the organization. The third sub step is personal objectives which involves individual objectives being determined first before departmental objectives can be achieved. To sum it up this process is followed to minimize clashes or oppositions at any level regarding the determined objectives. MBO views organization as Dynamic Entity: this feature considers the organization as a dynamic entity. This means that every organization is affected by various external and internal factors therefore the organization is considered to be a dynamic unit. The dynamic nature affects the objectives which as a result make it possible that the objectives set today may not be realized. In such an event the organization might be forced act swiftly to change its objectives MBO is a Participative Attempt: the MBO process is characterized by high level of participation of the concerned people in goal setting and performance appraisal (Kuldeep 2010). Increased participation provides the opportunity to influence decisions and make clear job relationship with managers and their subordinates. MBO Matches the Objectives and Resources: The objectives set when the MBO approach is adopted by organization are based on the resources available so as to avoid having incomplete tasks or activities because of the lack of resources. Dr.R.Singla. (2010-11). MBO is a Philosophy and not a Technique: MBO is not a technique of management but its a philosophy, because a technique can only be applied or used in a one department and its effects will only be felt on the particular department. For example an inventory technique can only be used in relation to stock control and it cannot be used in another department like HRM. MBO gives more emphasis to Review and Performance Appraisal: regular appraisal of the work performance of employees form one the important characteristics of MBO. This Philosophy helps observe whether all the employees are performing at the expected level and also identify if there is any impediments in their work performance. MBO provides more freedom to Subordinates: with MBO Philosophy the subordinates are not only associated with the task of coming up with the objectives but they also get complete freedom in the performance of their work. This philosophy gives them the right to make decisions related to their designation and as a result this increases their importance which improves their interest and job satisfaction. MBO gives more emphasis to results and not to work: with the MBO philosophy more focus is given to results. The subordinates have the freedom to choose which technique to adopt to achieve the final result. This means that the subordinates are expected to give the best possible results regardless of the technique used. Steps in Management by Objectives Planning Peter Drucker identified fives steps for MBO as shown in figure 1 http://www.mindtools.com/media/MBO.jpg Source (http://www.mindtools.com) The five steps explained Set of organizational Objectives: this is the first step which involves setting of the organizational objectives. Objective setting begins with the conducting of an internal and external analysis to determine the level of efficiency, threats and opportunities. Cascading Objective Down to Employees: This second stages involves communicating of the set goals and objectives from the top level management to subordinates till they reach everyone. Drucker used the SMART acronym to make as a tool to make the make MBO objective setting more effective so as to set goals that were attainable and to which workers felt accountable to For example the founder of Microsoft corporation Bill Gates adopted a MBO approach to keep every employee informed the about the companys objectives by following the guidelines below Eliminate politics, by giving everybody the same message. Keep a flat organization in which all issues are discussed openly. Insist on clear and direct communication Prevent competing Missions or objectives Eliminate rivalry between different parts of the organization Empower teams to do their own things Source (www.1000advices.com) Encourage Participation in Goal Setting: step three aims to get everyone to understand how their personal goals fit in with the objective of the organization. This is done when goals and objectives at all levels are shared and discussed so as to get everyone understand how things are conducted and then sets their own goals that are in line with the organization objectives. Monitor: this stage involves developing actions plans after setting objectives, it is important to establish a proper monitoring system which keeps track of the progress made towards achieving the set goals, the monitoring system helps the organization identify deviations or barriers that could slow down the organization from achieving its goals. If any barriers are identified then the corrective actions are taken to set the organization on the right course Evaluate and Reward Performance. This last step involves rewarding the desired performance. MBOs main focus is to improve performance at all levels so as to achieve higher efficiency. In order to ensure this happen a good evaluation system has to be put in place to evaluate employees performance and in turn motivate employees as they strive to achieve the set objectives. Advantages of Management by Objectives Over the years since Peter Drucker popularized this philosophy it has become one of the widely adopted by organizations because of the various advantages One of the advantages of MBO is that it improves resource and activity management (Rahman 2009). This leads to better utilization of available of resources and this can be beneficial to the organization in many ways. One is the increase in efficiency which reduces wastage and improves productivity which as a result would lead to increased profits for the organization. The second advantage is that MBO keeps every employee informed. Since all the employees in the organizations are encouraged to participate in setting the objectives, all of them know their responsibilities. This guides employees to work better as their responsibilities are clearly outlined and reduce the possibility of them going off track The third advantage is that MBO improves employees motivation. Involving all employees in decision making make employees feel valued by the organization and due to this employee commitment is improved. This can good for the organization because a motivated and committed workforce will strive to do their best and in turn help the organization achieve its desired results. The forth advantage of MBO is that it facilitates effective control. Due to the continuous monitoring approach employed by MBO this can be useful in guiding the organization to achieve better results. The Monitoring system can be used to by the organization to gauge the performance against the laid down standard and undesired deviations are corrected in time. The fifth advantage of MBO is that it encourages innovations. (Drucker, P. (1986). The MBO philosophy puts more focus on the results in order to achieve the objectives rather than procedure to achieve the objectives. This gives subordinates freedom on how, which method to employ in order to achieve the required results. This can be beneficial to the organization as innovation help an organization gain competitive advantage trough new ideas and products. Disadvantages of Management by Objectives However as much Management by Objective may be beneficial to organizations there some limitations or disadvantages worth being mentioned. The first disadvantage is that MBO put employees under pressure. MBO being a result focused philosophy pressure is exerted on all the levels of the organization so as to attain the objectives. This might a bad thing for the organization as pressured employees might be stressed out due to the emphasis put on results within the organization and this could lead to high labour turnover. This could cost the organization a fortune as the organization could be forced to recruit and train new employees. The second disadvantage is that MBO is time consuming. In order for MBO to be successful regular meetings and exchange of reports have to be conducted. This means managers have to speed a lot time in attending and preparing reports for the meetings while they could be focusing in performing important tasks that are over looked. These over looked could create a hindrance of in attaining the objectives laid down. The third disadvantage is that MBO puts more importance to short term objectives. In order for an organization to achieve it ultimate goals and success the long term and short term goals should be given equal importance. However the MBO philosophy tends to give more attentions to the short term objectives and due to this employees are more concerned by the short term objectives. This creates a situation where they want to be successful at any cost within the shortest time possible and such a situation could be costly to the organization in the long run. CONCLUSION Management by Objectives might be seen as an outdated management philosophy by modern managers today but I believe it still has a place in modern management.If carefully aligned with the culture of the organization MBO can be quite beneficial to the any organization as from this report the advantages out weight the disadvantages. Also For example Intel has been successive due to the use of MBO However as stated by Drucker MBO is just another tool. It is not the great cure for management inefficiency à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Management by objectives works if you know the objectives: 90% of the time you dont. In order for MBO to be successful in Modern management managers and subordinates must closely work together to constantly update their short term and long term objectives from time to time due to the ever change business environment. Also an effective communication structure has to be place to as to allow managers and subordinates to easily set and communicate objectives to all concerned e mployees.

Reasons for Womens Suffrage Campaign :: essays research papers

In the years after 1870 there were many reasons for the development of the women’s suffrage movement. The main reasons were changes in the law. Some affecting directly affecting women, and some not, but they all added to the momentum of Women’s campaign for the vote. Before 1870 there were few bills passed to achieve much for the movement. One bill that was passed, which did not directly affect women in too many ways was one of the starting points of the campaign for the vote. This was the 1867 Reform Act. In 1832, the Great Reform Act was passed, this allowed most middle class men to vote, but not working class men. But, the 1867 Reform Act changed this. This Act lead to all men who had lived at the same address for 12 months to be able vote. This meant that many more working class men were able to vote in the General elections. After this Act, many women felt that if the majority of men, regardless of class, were able to vote, why should women not be able to vote as well. Later, in 1870 the first part of the Married Women’s Property Act was passed. Until this act was passed, when a woman married, any property she owned was legally transferred to her husband. Divorce laws heavily favored men, and a divorced wife could expect to lose any property she possessed before she married. The implications of these two Acts combined, was enough to start women questioning the reasons for them not being able to vote, it started the campaign of votes for women. In the second part of the Reform Act, in 1884, many more men were able to vote. This simply fueled the campaign even more. As even more men could vote, still no women could. Despite all this, women could still vote in some things. The 1869 and 1882 Municipal Council Acts allowed women to vote in council elections. Women could also vote in elections for School Boards from 1870, for Boards of Health from 1875 and in elections to the London County Council from 1889. The Local Government Acts of 1894 and 1899, which set up district and borough councils, also included women as voters. So, women were already allowed to vote in: council elections, school board elections, health board elections, county council elections and others. Why were they not able to votes in such things as General elections? Reasons for Women's Suffrage Campaign :: essays research papers In the years after 1870 there were many reasons for the development of the women’s suffrage movement. The main reasons were changes in the law. Some affecting directly affecting women, and some not, but they all added to the momentum of Women’s campaign for the vote. Before 1870 there were few bills passed to achieve much for the movement. One bill that was passed, which did not directly affect women in too many ways was one of the starting points of the campaign for the vote. This was the 1867 Reform Act. In 1832, the Great Reform Act was passed, this allowed most middle class men to vote, but not working class men. But, the 1867 Reform Act changed this. This Act lead to all men who had lived at the same address for 12 months to be able vote. This meant that many more working class men were able to vote in the General elections. After this Act, many women felt that if the majority of men, regardless of class, were able to vote, why should women not be able to vote as well. Later, in 1870 the first part of the Married Women’s Property Act was passed. Until this act was passed, when a woman married, any property she owned was legally transferred to her husband. Divorce laws heavily favored men, and a divorced wife could expect to lose any property she possessed before she married. The implications of these two Acts combined, was enough to start women questioning the reasons for them not being able to vote, it started the campaign of votes for women. In the second part of the Reform Act, in 1884, many more men were able to vote. This simply fueled the campaign even more. As even more men could vote, still no women could. Despite all this, women could still vote in some things. The 1869 and 1882 Municipal Council Acts allowed women to vote in council elections. Women could also vote in elections for School Boards from 1870, for Boards of Health from 1875 and in elections to the London County Council from 1889. The Local Government Acts of 1894 and 1899, which set up district and borough councils, also included women as voters. So, women were already allowed to vote in: council elections, school board elections, health board elections, county council elections and others. Why were they not able to votes in such things as General elections?

Of Castles And Kings (chess) :: essays research papers

Of Castles and Kings Chess, which is believed to have originated in India, has come a long way since it’s earliest record and perhaps violent history. Since it’s origin, chess has undergone a few changes. One of the biggest changes in chess is the switch from classical openings to a new style referred to as hypermodern openings. Before you can understand this change, you must know about the history, rules, and strategy of chess.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many theories about the origination of chess. The most popular idea is that it originated from the game Chaturanga, once thought to be Chinese Checkers, but now is believed to be of Indian Origin (from India, the country). According to Eastern Legend, Chaturanga was invented by a man named Sissa. Sissa was a Brahman at the Court of King Balhait of India. King Balhait was tired of dice games that depended primarily on luck and chance, so he ordered his wise men to come up with a game that depended on a player’s judgement and skill. Sissa took an eight by eight grid of sixty-four squares, which back then in India was called an Ashtapada Board, and checkered it with with colors. The pieces he used were based on the four categories of the Indian army: The elephants, the cavalry, the chariots and the infantry. He also used the King and his chief counselor. Sissa made the rules so that you have to use strategy and skill in order to win. The King was ver y pleased with this new game. It reduced luck and chance to a small role. He ordered that it be played in every temple as training in the art of war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chaturanga spread Eastward to China, and on the way over there, it was transformed into Siang K’I, which is Chinese Chess. Chinese Chess is played on the points, rather than the squares. Chinese Chess traveled through Korea to Japan, where it transformed into Shogi, also known as The General’s Game. Chess also traveled Westward to Persia; there it was known as Shatranj. The Moors brought the game into Spain in the eighth century, from their traders took it to Russia. It wasn’t until the 15th century that Chess began to resemble the game we have now, with a Queen instead of the King’s counselor and Rooks, Knights, Bishops, and Pawns instead of elephants, cavalry, chariots and infantry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is it possible that chess is a violent or evil game?

Behavioral Aspects of Project Management Essay -- Operations Project M

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The behavioral aspects of project management consist of many different areas that a project manager must master. The organizational culture is one area that can take time to master for many project managers. The culture of an organization can be the success or the failure of a project. Management must share common beliefs and values and be willing to stand by them at the most critical times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The personality of the project leader is critical to the project. The project leaders leadership will dictate if the project will be successful. The team has to believe in the manager and for this to happen the manager has to follow though with what they say they will do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To build and manage a successful project team the project manager must be skilled in many areas. The project manager has to be able to select team members that will fit in with the team, manage meetings skillfully, establish a team identity and vision, establish ways of rewarding the team as well as individuals, manage conflicts within and outside the team, and be able to rejuvenate the team over long projects. Organization Cultures Influence Organizational culture research has identified ten primary characteristics that lead to successful or unsuccessful teams within an organization. These characteristics will in turn affect the selection, sponsorship, prioritization, and ultimate success of all projects in an organization (Gray, Larson, 2011). 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Member Identity – is the employee’s ability to identify with the organization. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Team Emphasis – the activities of the organization in which the team or individuals are emphasized. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Management focus – the decisions management makes that affect the employee’s. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unit integration – are teams within in an organization expected work independently or as a team. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Control – the oversight and control over an employee’s behavior. These types of rules and policies of the organization to oversee employees will dictate to the employee what is acceptable and what is discouraged. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Risk tolerance – this allows or sets limits on an employee and teams to have a certain amount of innovation and risk seeking. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reward criteria – the organizational culture to allow or disallow promotions and salary increases based on merit rather than nonperformance factors. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conflict tolerance – the limits at which em... ...ansferred to the actual project or the significance will lessen and not be effective (Gray/Larson, 2011). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The project manager has to be skilled in many areas of an organization and usually has to work under less than ideal situations. The areas noted earlier are important but probably the most important area is the behavior of the project manager. The behavior of the manager is critical for the success of any project. If the manager has a bad attitude then the team will be lacking in enthusiasm and the project will likely be over budget and not on schedule. Leading by example is hard, especially when stress of the project is mounting. Corporate leaders influence the managers who influence the employees the same goes for project managers leading teams. The project manager must have discipline and be constantly aware of how personal actions are perceived by others (Gray/Larson, 2011). Work Cited Gray, C.F., Larson, E.W. Operations Project Management: The Managerial Process, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2011. Web 16 May 2015. http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/fayad/current.courses/cmpe203-fall2014/docs/ERM/Project%20Management%205th%20Edition.pdf Behavioral Aspects of Project Management Essay -- Operations Project M   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The behavioral aspects of project management consist of many different areas that a project manager must master. The organizational culture is one area that can take time to master for many project managers. The culture of an organization can be the success or the failure of a project. Management must share common beliefs and values and be willing to stand by them at the most critical times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The personality of the project leader is critical to the project. The project leaders leadership will dictate if the project will be successful. The team has to believe in the manager and for this to happen the manager has to follow though with what they say they will do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To build and manage a successful project team the project manager must be skilled in many areas. The project manager has to be able to select team members that will fit in with the team, manage meetings skillfully, establish a team identity and vision, establish ways of rewarding the team as well as individuals, manage conflicts within and outside the team, and be able to rejuvenate the team over long projects. Organization Cultures Influence Organizational culture research has identified ten primary characteristics that lead to successful or unsuccessful teams within an organization. These characteristics will in turn affect the selection, sponsorship, prioritization, and ultimate success of all projects in an organization (Gray, Larson, 2011). 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Member Identity – is the employee’s ability to identify with the organization. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Team Emphasis – the activities of the organization in which the team or individuals are emphasized. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Management focus – the decisions management makes that affect the employee’s. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unit integration – are teams within in an organization expected work independently or as a team. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Control – the oversight and control over an employee’s behavior. These types of rules and policies of the organization to oversee employees will dictate to the employee what is acceptable and what is discouraged. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Risk tolerance – this allows or sets limits on an employee and teams to have a certain amount of innovation and risk seeking. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reward criteria – the organizational culture to allow or disallow promotions and salary increases based on merit rather than nonperformance factors. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conflict tolerance – the limits at which em... ...ansferred to the actual project or the significance will lessen and not be effective (Gray/Larson, 2011). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The project manager has to be skilled in many areas of an organization and usually has to work under less than ideal situations. The areas noted earlier are important but probably the most important area is the behavior of the project manager. The behavior of the manager is critical for the success of any project. If the manager has a bad attitude then the team will be lacking in enthusiasm and the project will likely be over budget and not on schedule. Leading by example is hard, especially when stress of the project is mounting. Corporate leaders influence the managers who influence the employees the same goes for project managers leading teams. The project manager must have discipline and be constantly aware of how personal actions are perceived by others (Gray/Larson, 2011). Work Cited Gray, C.F., Larson, E.W. Operations Project Management: The Managerial Process, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2011. Web 16 May 2015. http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/fayad/current.courses/cmpe203-fall2014/docs/ERM/Project%20Management%205th%20Edition.pdf